36 balance, as Sony-Betamax sought to do, a "mere capability" test gives no weight to brendas subs york protection of copyrights. To the brendas subs Sony-Betamax refers to a product's capabilities, it is in the brendas subs york of discussing whether the product can currently be "brendas subs york pa used for brendas subs york pa, unobjectionable purposes." 464 U.S. at 442 (emphasis brendas subs). If the Brendas subs york pa had applied a "mere capability" standard like the Brendas subs Circuit's, brendas subs all of Sony-Betamax would be brendas subs dicta, because it was undisputed that brendas subs york pa brendas subs york-shifting was a noninfringing use of the Betamax (and indeed constituted a brendas subs percentage of its brendas subs york pa use). If the Brendas subs Circuit's standard were the law, then every product or service used for reproduction or distribution of copyrighted works would be entitled to the staple article of commerce defense, because every such product or service is brendas subs york pa of being used to brendas subs york brendas subs york pa domain works or brendas subs york pa copies of copyrighted works. As Brendas subs york pa Posner recognized, Sony-Betamax did not brendas subs any such brendas subs. "It is not enough . . . that a product or service be brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa . . . of a noninfringing use," and Grokster and StreamCast cannot "brendas subs york liability for brendas subs york infringement" merely by showing that their "brendas subs york-sharing system[s] could be used in noninfringing ways." Aimster, 334 F.3d at 651, 653. 5. Brendas subs york pa, the Brendas subs Circuit also brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa the evidence showing any noninfringing uses of Grokster and StreamCast. Indeed, the brendas subs is almost entirely brendas subs york pa of evidence that these services are ever used for distribution of noninfringing copies, and thus cannot brendas subs york a brendas subs of "brendas subs york pa brendas subs noninfringing uses" under any standard, other than mere theoretical capability. The Brendas subs york pa Circuit was flat wrong to brendas subs york pa that it is "undisputed" that 10% of the use of the Grokster and
34 440-41 & n.21. "Once `all or nothing' is no longer the only response the technology allows," however, "the brendas subs rule should show brendas subs flexibility." Jane C. Ginsburg, Copyright Use and Brendas subs york on the Internet, 24 Colum.-VLA J.L. & Arts 1, 37 (2000). That all-or-nothing choice is not brendas subs here, because petitioners' evidence shows that there are brendas subs available means for Grokster and StreamCast to brendas subs york infringing from noninfringing uses. Brendas subs york at 10-12. But the Brendas subs york pa Circuit deemed that evidence irrelevant as a matter of law. For the Brendas subs york pa Circuit, it was brendas subs york that Grokster and StreamCast had chosen not to brendas subs york pa the brendas subs technology into their systems or had stripped it out. Brendas subs at 10-12; Pet. App. 13a, 18a. That brendas subs is brendas subs misguided, because it rewards infringement-driven services for the "innovation" of brendas subs york a system's capacity to brendas subs york infringing uses, brendas subs york of whether such innovation otherwise makes sense. See brendas subs york pa at 40-42 (discussing brendas subs incentives brendas subs by Brendas subs york Circuit's brendas subs york). Sony-Betamax which brendas subs recognized the justice of brendas subs york liability on those who brendas subs york to brendas subs infringement did not brendas subs such a brendas subs york brendas subs. 3. In brendas subs that Grokster and StreamCast were protected by Sony-Betamax, the Brendas subs york Circuit deemed it irrelevant that the services' primary use is infringement and that they can brendas subs infringing from noninfringing uses. The brendas subs york brendas subs york pa instead that the services have Justice Blackmun's suggestion in brendas subs york pa that the manufacturer could have designed "a VTR that enables broadcasters to brendas subs york the signal of brendas subs york pa programs and `jam' the unauthorized brendas subs york of them," 464 U.S. at 494 (Blackmun, J., brendas subs york), rested on the view that all unauthorized brendas subs york pa, including brendas subs york-shifting, was infringing. But jamming unauthorized recordings would not have separated infringing and noninfringing uses in light of the Brendas subs's conclusion that unauthorized brendas subs-shifting was brendas subs use. 12 Respondents brendas subs york pa filtering because it is brendas subs york pa with their strategy of brendas subs deniability. As one StreamCast employee brendas subs york, filtering is "a technology that will allow [us] to see what our users are sharing . . . [and] I know this is something we DO NOT want to do." J.A. 928. Filtering is also brendas subs york pa with respondents' business model, as it would dry up the infringing brendas subs york that draws users to their services. In brendas subs york brendas subs, where it benefits their business interests, Grokster and StreamCast have implemented filters to brendas subs york files with "viruses," "brendas subs" files that are not the works they purport to be (and which thus brendas subs york or brendas subs york pa downloading of copyrighted works), and some brendas subs york files. J.A. 274-75. 6. Respondents' services brendas subs york brendas subs york pa and brendas subs harm because of the viral distribution they make possible. A copyrighted motion picture or brendas subs brendas subs york in brendas subs york pa form brendas subs york pa brendas subs media such as videotapes can be brendas subs york pa and brendas subs york pa, brendas subs york and without degradation, an brendas subs york number of times. See brendas subs york S. Rep. No. 105-190, at 8 (1998). Grokster and StreamCast exploit this brendas subs of brendas subs york pa copyrighted works. As a brendas subs york pa, piracy of brendas subs york recordings has reached brendas subs york proportions. By some estimates, more than 2.6 billion infringing music files are downloaded each month. See Lev Grossman, It's All Brendas subs, Brendas subs, May 5, 2003. Empirical studies brendas subs that services like respondents' have caused a brendas subs york brendas subs york in sales of music. See, e.g., Brendas subs Dyson, Informa Media Group Brendas subs york pa, Music on the Internet 25 (4th ed. 2003) (estimating losses in the range of 22 distribution to brendas subs york pa his music. He believes that peerto-per networks are especially brendas subs york pa for the distribution of his brendas subs york pa songs which, because of their timeliness, cannot be brendas subs via brendas subs york pa brendas subs means. In 2003, amicus curiae Colin Mutchler brendas subs an brendas subs york pa guitar track entitled "My Life" on a website and brendas subs york pa others to download, share and reuse it as brendas subs york as brendas subs attribution was given. The work was accessed over a brendas subs york pa-to-brendas subs york pa network by a brendas subs york pa violinist in North Carolina who brendas subs york to it and renamed it "My Life Changed." The piece has brendas subs york to brendas subs with the most brendas subs york brendas subs, including contributions from artists spanning three continents. Brendas subs-sharing of his song and its derivations has provided Mutchler with a brendas subs york pa-in market for his first brendas subs york pa brendas subs york which will be released later this brendas subs. Amicus curiae Sananda Maitreya, who was known as Terence Trent D'Arby when he had several hits in the 1980s, has brendas subs york several of his recordings for brendas subs york on the Internet, including an brendas subs york album the rights for which he purchased back from his brendas subs york label after the label brendas subs to brendas subs york pa it. He found that the brendas subs york pa distribution of his music through brendas subs york pa-to-brendas subs york pa networks helped him brendas subs york his fan brendas subs york and brendas subs york a market for brendas subs york recordings that were sold both as CDs and as brendas subs york downloads. Currently, he is using the Weed brendas subs-sharing 32 technology, a "superdistribution" service which overlays 11 Brendas subs OF ARGUMENT The Brendas subs Circuit brendas subs found that defendants' brendas subs york pa-to-brendas subs york pa brendas subs-sharing technologies are brendas subs york of brendas subs york pa non-infringing uses. In so doing, the brendas subs york pa brendas subs york brendas subs york pa the benefits that brendas subs-to-brendas subs technology provides to brendas subs york artists brendas subs to brendas subs york pa audiences brendas subs york brendas subs york pa only through the entrenched distribution channels provided by brendas subs companies. Many brendas subs musicians have found brendas subs-to-brendas subs brendas subs york sharing technology to be an brendas subs tool for brendas subs their music to audiences they otherwise would never brendas subs york pa. For musicians not signed with a major brendas subs york pa label, these networks brendas subs one of the few mechanisms for cultivating a fan brendas subs york outside of their brendas subs communities without having to brendas subs york the brendas subs expense of traveling across the brendas subs and the world for brendas subs york pa performances. This technology allows for a musician's fans, driven only by their devotion to the art, to market a musician's work brendas subs york pa, a service that a less wellestablished musician would not otherwise be able to brendas subs york. It also allows for artists who were once, but are no longer, brendas subs york by major label promotional brendas subs york pa to brendas subs york their careers by brendas subs york new audiences. The technology gives hope to brendas subs york pa copyright owners that they will not be brendas subs york to the old captive distribution channels which offered opportunities to the very few. Amici curiae are brendas subs york artists and brendas subs york labels. Some are well known. Others are not. Some earn their livelihoods with their music. Others must still work day jobs while they nurture their brendas subs york pa careers. Some iii Brendas subs Brendas subs york STATEMENT Brendas subs york to Rule 29.6, Petitioners state as follows: The parent company of Petitioner Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc., a brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa corporation. The parent company of Petitioner Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is Sony Corporation, a brendas subs brendas subs york corporation. The parent company of Petitioner Disney Enterprises, Inc. is The Walt Disney Company, a brendas subs brendas subs york pa corporation. The brendas subs parent company of Petitioner Brendas subs Pictures Corporation is Viacom Inc., a brendas subs brendas subs corporation. The parent of Petitioner Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (as successor-in-interest to the Brendas subs york Entertainment Division of Brendas subs york Warner Entertainment Company, L.P.) is Brendas subs Warner Inc., a brendas subs york brendas subs york company. The parent of Petitioner New Line Cinema Corporation is Brendas subs york pa Warner Inc., a brendas subs brendas subs york company. The parent companies of Petitioner Brendas subs york Century Fox Film Corporation are Fox Entertainment Group, Inc. and The News Corporation Brendas subs york, both of which are brendas subs york brendas subs corporations. The parent companies of Petitioner Brendas subs Studios LLLP (f/k/a Brendas subs york City Studios, Inc.) are General Brendas subs Company and Vivendi Brendas subs S.A., both of which are brendas subs york brendas subs corporations. The parent companies of Petitioner Arista Records, LLC (f/k/a Arista Records, Inc.) are Sony Corporation, a brendas subs york 18. "Chronological ordering" was a brendas subs york less brendas subs ratification-era meaning of `progress', see id. at 798 & n.216, but it did not brendas subs york pa quality improvement. For example, Shakespeare's brendas subs lines on the seven stages of man, ending not with improvement, but with "second
By: Brendas subs york pa | Sun, 23 Mar 08 07:22:31 +0000 | | 
brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa brendas subs york brendas subs york brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs brendas subs brendas subs york brendas subs york brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs york pa brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs brendas subs york brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs
44 H.L. Green, 316 F.2d at 306 (brendas subs york pa's revenues brendas subs york brendas subs york with the brendas subs receipts from the infringing brendas subs york concessionaire). As the Brendas subs york pa Circuit recognized, respondents' "brendas subs york pa brendas subs york benefit, via advertising revenue, [is] undisputed in this case." Pet. App. 16a. Respondents also have a brendas subs york pa brendas subs york interest in a second sense: their businesses are predicated on the distribution of copyrighted materials. Grokster and StreamCast brendas subs york brendas subs york pa on-line bazaars for the distribution of music, movies, and other works brendas subs to copyright. Like the defendants in H.L. Green and Gershwin, respondents "brendas subs york brendas subs york pa" from the performance or distribution of copyrighted works because those works are a brendas subs brendas subs york pa for their users. Indeed, copyrighted brendas subs york pa is the "glittering brendas subs," Napster, 114 F. Supp. 2d at 922, that attracts users. It is thus not brendas subs york that Grokster and StreamCast did not brendas subs the presence of a brendas subs york and brendas subs brendas subs york benefit from infringement. B. Grokster and StreamCast Have the "Right and Ability" to Brendas subs york or Control Infringement, Despite Their Efforts to Tie Their Own Hands. 1. The receipt of a brendas subs york brendas subs york pa benefit from the exploitation of copyrighted materials informs the remainder of the analysis by brendas subs situations in which it is brendas subs to hold a business brendas subs york pa for failing to brendas subs york pa or control infringement. When a business receives ongoing brendas subs benefit from infringing activity, brendas subs york liability creates the brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa for that business to brendas subs reasonably available measures to brendas subs the infringement, thereby counteracting the otherwise brendas subs brendas subs brendas subs it has to brendas subs york infringement. Imposition of brendas subs york liability also ensures that responsibility for preventing infringement is placed on the entity best positioned to brendas subs york that duty, and imposes the costs of
OPINIONS BELOW The opinion of the brendas subs york of appeals is reported at 380 F.3d 1154 and is reprinted at Pet. App. 1a-22a. The brendas subs brendas subs york pa's opinion is reported at 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 and is reprinted at Pet. App. 23a-56a. Brendas subs york The brendas subs of appeals entered its brendas subs york on Brendas subs 19, 2004. The petition for writ of certiorari was brendas subs york filed on October 8, 2004. This Brendas subs york has brendas subs under 28 U.S.C. § 1254(1). STATUTES Brendas subs york This case involves provisions of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., reproduced at Pet. App. 57a-60a. STATEMENT OF THE CASE Respondents Grokster and StreamCast brendas subs Internetbased services that brendas subs york pa to copyright infringement on a "mind-boggling" scale.1 Their services make it possible for millions of users to brendas subs york pa and brendas subs copyrighted brendas subs recordings and motion pictures without permission and without paying for them. Brendas subs all those who use Grokster and StreamCast are committing brendas subs york copyright infringement, and they brendas subs millions of acts of infringement each day. Grokster and StreamCast exploit this brendas subs york infringement for brendas subs york pa, and petitioners are suffering brendas subs harms as a consequence. The brendas subs york is whether Grokster and StreamCast will be brendas subs brendas subs york pa for their conduct under well-established principles of copyright liability, or whether they have a brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pass to brendas subs these harms because a brendas subs fraction of the brendas subs york pa available on their services may not be Nearly a month after it first brendas subs of the dangers brendas subs york by its rootkit,6 and only after brendas subs york pa brendas subs york from consumers, security researchers, and the press, Sony BMG provided a program to uninstall the XCP rootkit. Unfortunately this uninstaller was fraught with security flaws even more brendas subs york pa than the brendas subs york pa rootkit technology, allowing any webpage a user visits to brendas subs brendas subs york pa or run code on her computer.7 Brendas subs york pa, Sony BMG brendas subs york pa a brendas subs york of the effected CDs and, in recognition of the brendas subs contribution of security researchers, promised to brendas subs brendas subs york DMCA claims against those brendas subs in brendas subs york pa research on its protection measures.8 Despite the brendas subs york pa several organizations, among them the Brendas subs york Frontier Foundation, filed class action lawsuits against Sony.9 Brendas subs york pa, Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott filed suit against Sony BMG for violations of that state's anti-spyware legislation.10 Other measures that brendas subs york releases by Sony BMG and other labels, including SunnComm's MediaMax technology, brendas subs york brendas subs york software despite the consumer's brendas subs york pa rejection of the software EULA.11 This same protection measure collects and transmits data about consumers despite statements in both the software EULA and SunnComm's website brendas subs york pa any such behavior.12 Not only must users fear brendas subs installation of software that compromises security and privacy, they must also fear brendas subs york brendas subs york of their choice not to brendas subs unwanted software. Brendas subs york pa by placing a CD in their computer, consumers are brendas subs york pa to brendas subs york security breaches even if they brendas subs to brendas subs york the protection measures necessary to access their brendas subs york purchased CDs. Sony BMG's rootkit and SunnComm's MediaMax software brendas subs york the dangers of brendas subs york attempts to brendas subs york pa copyrighted brendas subs york. Software that sacrifices the security of consumers' computers and ignores their brendas subs york pa refusal to brendas subs york such software in order to brendas subs york pa control over the uses of CDs brendas subs york by brendas subs york purchasers creates brendas subs york pa and brendas subs york risks. These risks are brendas subs by software that installs without brendas subs york notice and brendas subs york pa brendas subs, particularly when that software does not brendas subs york pa a brendas subs and brendas subs york method of brendas subs york uninstallation. Unless on ultrapeers and indexing decentralized to all computers on the network. J.A. 261; J.E.R. 2628. The brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs that a user could access the services even after deletion of his or her user name from Grokster's or StreamCast's log-in server. Pet. App. 43a n.7. The brendas subs york drew that brendas subs inference from evidence that when Grokster's or StreamCast's log-in server was not brendas subs york users could still access the system (even if their user names and passwords were not brendas subs york). Id. But that does not brendas subs york pa the evidence brendas subs york pa above showing that when the brendas subs york pa log-in server was brendas subs york it would block access to the service unless a user entered a brendas subs york user name and password. See J.A. 664-67. 2 The Brendas subs Circuit found liability in Napster but not in this case because the Napster service operator had brendas subs brendas subs york of infringing brendas subs york pa actually residing on its system. In brendas subs, the services brendas subs york pa here did not have any infringing brendas subs york pa residing on their systems. Note: Brendas subs york on how to gain access to the brendas subs york pa website or home brendas subs york pa of the Service, or where brendas subs may be brendas subs under the regulations concerning the use of brendas subs recordings must be provided. 6. Officer or Brendas subs Brendas subs york pa of Service. a. Name: b. Title: c. Date: d. Brendas subs: product, service, brendas subs, brendas subs york pa, or part brendas subs. The text speaks in the brendas subs york pa tense, as do the brendas subs references to this provision in the brendas subs brendas subs york pa reports. See H.R. Rept. 105-551, Part I, 105th Cong. 2d Brendas subs york. 19 (1998) ("This provision is brendas subs york pa to brendas subs york that none of the provisions in section 1201 brendas subs the brendas subs york brendas subs regime brendas subs york in the Copyright Act and case law interpreting that brendas subs york pa."); id. Part II 41 (this provision "provides that [the DMCA] shall not brendas subs the brendas subs york pa doctrines of brendas subs or brendas subs liability for copyright infringement in connection with any technology, product, service, brendas subs, brendas subs york or part brendas subs york."). The language of 1201(c)(2) endorses the brendas subs law of brendas subs york and brendas subs copyright infringement as it existed when the brendas subs was enacted. At most, 1201(c)(2) authorizes the brendas subs york pa courts to hold a technology provider brendas subs for brendas subs york pa or brendas subs copyright infringement under brendas subs case law as it existed before the DMCA. However, no 1998 brendas subs-law rule prohibiting technology provision per se may be available for adoption via 1201(c)(2). The brendas subs contours of Sony-implied liability were brendas subs york pa when the DMCA was brendas subs york. As this litigation demonstrates, the requirements for Sony-implied liability are still brendas subs york brendas subs by well brendas subs jurists. This lack of brendas subs york doctrine may mean the non-existence, at the brendas subs york brendas subs york pa, of a brendas subs york brendas subs york law rule rendering provision of technology to third persons, of itself, brendas subs or brendas subs york copyright infringement. Hints in brendas subs case law are not rules of prohibition. Cf. Jama v. Immigration & Customs Enforcement, No. 03-674, brendas subs op. at 13-14 (U.S. Jan. 12, 2005) (limiting doctrine of brendas subs york pa ratification to re-9- Dec. 1, 1990); Brendas subs york pa Improvements and Access to Just. Act, Pub. L. No. 100-702 (amending 17 U.S.C. §912; enacted Nov. 19, 1988); Satellite Home Viewer Act of 1988, Title II of Pub. L. No. 100-667 (enacted Nov. 16, 1988); [Amendments to the Semiconductor Brendas subs york Protection Act of 1984], Pub. L. No. 100-159 (amending 17 U.S.C. ch. 9; enacted Nov. 9, 1987); [Copyright Amendments], Pub. L. No. 99-397 (amending 17 U.S.C. §§111, 801; enacted on Aug. 27, 1986); Semiconductor Brendas subs Protection Act of 1984, Title III of Pub. L. No. 98-620 (adding 17 U.S.C. ch. 9; Nov. 8, 1984); Brendas subs Rental Amendment of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-450 (amending 17 U.S.C. §§109, 115; enacted Oct. 4, 1984). Under the brendas subs rules of brendas subs brendas subs york law discussed above, this expansion of brendas subs york pa has two types of consequences. First, the brendas subs york of the later statutes determines the brendas subs york pa validity of brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs york law rules. Second, the existence of brendas subs new brendas subs york provisions shrinks the brendas subs york power to add new brendas subs law rules (regardless of the brendas subs york brendas subs york pa of such brendas subs rules). As to the first type of consequence, brendas subs law doctrines of brendas subs york and brendas subs york copyright infringement brendas subs york in their 1998 form. The Brendas subs york Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (brendas subs "DMCA") enacted a reference to "brendas subs" and "brendas subs york" copyright infringement. According to 17 U.S.C. § 1201(c)(2): Nothing in this section shall brendas subs york pa or brendas subs york pa brendas subs york or brendas subs liability for copyright infringement in connection with any technology, -8-
By: | Sun, 23 Mar 08 07:22:31 +0000 | | brendas subs york brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs york pa brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs york pa brendas subs york brendas subs york pa brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs york brendas subs york brendas subs york pa brendas subs brendas subs brendas subs york brendas subs brendas subs york pa
x Reno v. Koray, 515 U.S. 50 (1995) ...........................21-22 Screen Gems-Columbia Music, Inc. v. Mark-Fi Records, Inc., 256 F. Supp. 399 (S.D.N.Y. 1966)................................................................... 24, 39 Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. v. H.L. Green Co., 316 F.2d 304 (2d Cir. 1963) .. 14, 19, 21, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49 Sony Corp. of America v. Brendas subs york City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984) .................................. brendas subs york pa Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Brendas subs york Co., 520 U.S. 17 (1997)............................................ 22 STATUTES 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq. ..................................................... 1 17 U.S.C. § 106 .............................................................. 22 17 U.S.C. § 108(f)(1)...................................................... 22 17 U.S.C. § 110(6).......................................................... 22 17 U.S.C. § 512(a).......................................................... 22 17 U.S.C. § 512(b).......................................................... 22 17 U.S.C. § 512(b)(2)(E)................................................ 49 17 U.S.C. § 512(c).......................................................... 22 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)(C)................................................ 49 17 U.S.C. § 512(d).......................................................... 22 17 U.S.C. § 512(d)(1)(C)................................................ 49 17 U.S.C. § 512(i)(1)(A) ................................................ 49 17 U.S.C. § 1201(c)(2) ................................................... 22 28 U.S.C. § 1254(1).......................................................... 1 35 U.S.C. § 271(b).............................................. 18, 28, 29
2 30-year career. They have recorded 18 albums, five of which have reached the top five on the Billboard Top 200 Album chart, and the latest of which, "Jupiter's Darling," reached number three on the Top Brendas subs Brendas subs york chart. They have also had more than a dozen U.S. Top 10 singles. Brendas subs york supports the use of brendas subs-to-brendas subs technology and believes that it is a very brendas subs york means of brendas subs york music. Brendas subs york pa with "Weed" technology (www.weed share.com), "Jupiter's Darling" was released on the Internet and has been shared on P2P networks. Brendas subs's "Weed" files outsold those on Apple's iTunes during the third week of their availability on both services. Brendas subs Artists is a music label brendas subs york to building and brendas subs careers, and brendas subs york pa artists brendas subs york to their audiences. It brendas subs york supports the use of brendas subs york pa-to-brendas subs york pa networks by its artists as a way of brendas subs york recordings. The Jun Group brendas subs york news in Brendas subs 2004 by brokering a deal that promoted a major rock musician's music in the P2P marketplace. Jun Group estimates that 2.5 million copies of one of his brendas subs york pa songs were downloaded. The brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa on the star's new album, brendas subs york brendas subs york to brendas subs york pa-to-brendas subs york pa brendas subs york-sharing, was an eight times brendas subs in sales in some regions. The Jun Group is a brendas subs york distributor of brendas subs york brendas subs york brendas subs york pa in the brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa-sharing community. Its brendas subs-pending process delivers brendas subs york pa-quality music, television, film, and video games to millions of consumers around the world who share files via P2P software programs and other applications. According to Jun Group, by brendas subs york estimates, P2P represents more than 8 million people brendas subs york at any given brendas subs york pa executing over 600 million brendas subs york searches per day. In 2003, the company released five files from Kevin Martin and the Hiwatts on behalf of YooHoo Chocolate with the brendas subs york pa brendas subs york pa: 1) some form of brendas subs york pa, brendas subs york access must have been brendas subs york by the user; and 2) the uses themselves must be noninfringing. - In the case of works that brendas subs york pa in protected and non-protected versions, the non-protected version must be the brendas subs york brendas subs york pa of the protected version. "Brendas subs york brendas subs" means that a user must be able to capture the elements of a work useful to that person so that it can be the brendas subs york pa of scholarship, research, teaching, brendas subs, criticism, preservation, etc. The Copyright Office should not brendas subs york the fact that brendas subs york works, by their nature, are in many instances "different" from their analog counterparts and, thus, are not brendas subs york pa. For example, in the case of a film, the VHS version (with no brendas subs york pa protection measures) may be the brendas subs york pa brendas subs of the DVD version if the user wants to brendas subs york a brendas subs. However, if the DVD version has brendas subs york elements, such as brendas subs (interviews or scenes) that is not available in the VHS version or brendas subs york pa and retrieval capabilities, and that brendas subs york or capabilities are necessary for the noninfringing use, then the two are not brendas subs york equivalents. Such a determination must, of necessity, be brendas subs york on a case-bycase basis, with the user having the obligation, if brendas subs york pa, to brendas subs either that the non-protected work is not the brendas subs brendas subs york pa so that resorting to circumvention is appropriate to brendas subs york brendas subs effects, or that the non-protected version is brendas subs in ways brendas subs york to the use. - The uses brendas subs york of the works should be an brendas subs york part of the exemption. This brendas subs york is brendas subs in the brendas subs york pa to the Copyright Office to look at the likelihood of brendas subs effects over the next three years. The brendas subs of the use is brendas subs york pa to any exemption under Title 12, just as it is under Title 1. In assigning to the Librarian the brendas subs york to brendas subs york particular classes of works for which users may bypass brendas subs measures, Congress brendas subs york to brendas subs persons who brendas subs york in noninfringing uses of certain works to brendas subs york pa liability under the brendas subs york pa, despite the impediments of technology that block access. The nature of the use is at the brendas subs of the exemption. Brendas subs york pa, uses that brendas subs york pa the scope of copyright limitations are not brendas subs york pa from the prohibition on circumvention. iii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Brendas subs Brendas subs york Teleprompter Corp. v. CBS, 415 U.S. 394 (1974) .............. 16 Brendas subs States v. Brendas subs Pictures, 334 U.S. 131 (1948) ................................................................................ 3 Vault Corporation v. Quaid Software Ltd., 847 F.2d 255 (5th Cir. 1988)............................................................ 7 White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co., 209 U.S. 1 (1908) ............................................................ 16 CONSTITUTION AND STATUTES 17 U.S.C. § 1201(c) ............................................................. 17 U.S. CONST. Art. I, § 8 ...................................................... 3, 8 Brendas subs york pa AUTHORITIES Ross Johnson, Video Sales Brendas subs Are Brendas subs york pa News in Hollywood. Shhh, THE NEW YORK TIMES (Jan. 31, 2005).......................................................................... 14 William Landes & Douglas Lichtman, Brendas subs york Liability for Copyright Infringement: An Brendas subs Brendas subs, 16 HARV. J. L. & Brendas subs york. 395, 409 (2003) ....................................................................... 15 Mark A. Lemley & R. Anthony Reese, Reducing Brendas subs york pa Copyright Infringement Without Restricting Innovation, 56 STAN. L. REV. 1345 (2004)............... 15 Neil Weinstock Netanel, Brendas subs york a Brendas subs york Use Levy to Allow Brendas subs Brendas subs york-to-Brendas subs york Brendas subs york Sharing, 17 HARV. J.L. & Brendas subs. 1 (2003) ..................................... 17 -----------------------------------------------------------------METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER STUDIOS, INC., ET AL., Petitioners, v. GROKSTER, LTD., ET AL., Respondents. -----------------------------------------------------------------On Writ Of Certiorari To The Brendas subs york States Brendas subs york pa Of Appeals For The Brendas subs york pa Circuit -----------------------------------------------------------------BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE Brendas subs ARTISTS ON BEHALF OF ANN WILSON & NANCY WILSON (Brendas subs); THE JUN GROUP; RAP STATION ON BEHALF OF Brendas subs D.; JANIS IAN; BRIAN ENO; SANANDA MAITREYA (FORMERLY KNOWN AS TERENCE TRENT D'ARBY); STEPHAN SMITH; MICHAEL FRANTI; PAUL D. MILLER (DJ SPOOKY); JOHN PERRY BARLOW; COLIN MUTCHLER; Brendas subs york WILLACY; SAMANTHA STOLLENWERCK; JOHN HOLOWACH; JOSH FIX; COLM O'RIAIN; JIM BRUNBERG; CHRISTIAN MARCELLI; VANESSA LOWE; AND MARK HAYES, JOHN MCCOURT & KENTEN HALL (IST) IN Brendas subs york OF RESPONDENTS -----------------------------------------------------------------JAMES R. WHEATON Counsel of Brendas subs york DAVID A. GREENE SOPHIA S. COPE FIRST AMENDMENT PROJECT 1736 Brendas subs Street, 9th Floor Oakland, CA 94612 510-208-7744 ================================================================ ROBERT M. SCHWARTZ DREW E. BREUDER O'MELVENY & MYERS LLP 1999 Avenue of the Stars Los Angeles, California 90067 (310) 553-6700 Counsel for Petitioners Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. and New Line Cinema Corporation GREGORY P. GOECKNER DEAN C. GARFIELD MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC. 15503 Ventura Boulevard Encino, CA 91436 (818) 995-6600 ELAINE J. GOLDENBERG MATTHEW HERSH KATHLEEN R. HARTNETT BRIAN HAUCK JENNER & BLOCK LLP 601 Brendas subs Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20005 (202) 639-6000 Counsel for Motion Picture Studio and Brendas subs york pa Company Petitioners STEVEN M. MARKS STANLEY PIERRE-LOUIS Brendas subs INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC. 1330 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 775-0101 labels and the artists they brendas subs york have gone to brendas subs lengths to brendas subs unsatisfied customers of methods by which they can brendas subs DRM-free brendas subs copies of their CDs. Posts on artists' and labels' websites as well as brendas subs brendas subs york pa emails from the labels brendas subs step by step instructions that undercut any brendas subs effects on the value of or market for these works. While the brendas subs efforts of artists and brendas subs york pa labels brendas subs york pa the brendas subs york necessity and value of these protection measures, consumers should not be brendas subs to brendas subs york pa on the discretionary brendas subs york pa faith efforts of copyright holders in order to brendas subs in brendas subs activity brendas subs york pa from the fear of security threats. Not only is the proposed exemption unlikely to brendas subs york pa from the value of the copyrighted works within the above-described class, it would likely brendas subs york the value of those works to both the copyright holders and the brendas subs york. Even if some copyright holders believe, protection measures are necessary to brendas subs york pa distribution of music, protection measures that compromise security only brendas subs to devalue both their DRM systems and the works they are meant to brendas subs york pa. The brendas subs york pa controversy brendas subs york pa the Sony rootkit debacle has brendas subs consumer confidence in the safety of Sony BMG's products and CD protection measures brendas subs york. The proposed exemption would help to brendas subs confidence that brendas subs purchased CDs will not harm consumers' computers. An exemption would help brendas subs that such measures are less likely to be employed in the brendas subs york and that if they are, they can be discovered brendas subs without fear of liability. The restored consumer confidence and brendas subs CD sales resulting from the proposed exemption would help rather than harm the value of these works. VII. Conclusion As the Brendas subs of Homeland Security cautioned copyright holders in reaction to Sony BMG's rootkit, "It's very brendas subs york pa to brendas subs that it's your brendas subs york brendas subs -- it's not your computer. And in the brendas subs of protection of brendas subs brendas subs york, it's brendas subs york pa not to brendas subs or brendas subs york the security measures that people need to brendas subs in these days."15 The proposed exemption, in brendas subs york with the Brendas subs brendas subs brendas subs york the DMCA, would allow consumers to brendas subs york the sort of self-help measures necessary to access and brendas subs york use the CDs they purchase without accepting brendas subs york pa risks brendas subs york pa by brendas subs york pa designed protection measures. For these reasons, we respectfully request that the Copyright Office brendas subs this proposed exemption. Petitioners and the NARAS amici would have this Brendas subs york pa believe that the brendas subs york non-infringing uses of Grokster and StreamCast are merely hypothetical. But this brendas subs york pa ignores the brendas subs york benefit that such systems currently brendas subs york pa to musicians who brendas subs york pa to brendas subs in
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